Robinson Crusoe - PDF Download Download (079) by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe PDF Summary by Daniel Defoe is a story about survival: Crusoe is stuck on an island, and he needs to find food, shelter, and arm himself to fight off any threats to his life.
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(Robinson Crusoe #1)
Daniel Defoe relates the tale of an English sailor marooned on a desert island for nearly three decades. An ordinary man struggling to survive in extraordinary circumstances, Robinson Crusoe wrestles with fate and the nature of God. This edition features maps.
Published June 12th 2001 by Modern Library (first published April 25th 1719)
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Jonathan RobertsAt one point (30-35% in) Crusoe tells the reader how he is running low on ink, and so he decides to write only the important stuff. I was very happyâ¦moreAt one point (30-35% in) Crusoe tells the reader how he is running low on ink, and so he decides to write only the important stuff. I was very happy to hear this...
Sadly he lied.
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Sadly he lied.
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Paul OfSit back, relax and savor the read! If you can't do that then you Will be bored. The book, however, is NOT boring. It just may not be up to your 'flowâ¦moreSit back, relax and savor the read! If you can't do that then you Will be bored. The book, however, is NOT boring. It just may not be up to your 'flow fast enough' expectations.
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It's really sad that people judge books from the 17th century from their 21st century politically-correct perspective. You don't have to agree with Defoe's worldview and religious beliefs to like the book. I'm repulsed by Homer's beliefs but I know his works deserve to be classics.
People who think this book is boring probably think hikes through majestic mountains or quiet afternoons in a beautiful garden are boring. This book is slow at times. But the slowest parts are the best. Defoe is a mast...more
People who think this book is boring probably think hikes through majestic mountains or quiet afternoons in a beautiful garden are boring. This book is slow at times. But the slowest parts are the best. Defoe is a mast...more
This is one of those books that really serves to remind a modern audience of why we should kill whitey. Robinson Crusoe is the story of a young man with atrociously bad luck who, unfortunately for any shipmates he ever has, suffers from an extreme case of wanderlust. Every ship he gets onto sinks, but he just keeps getting onto them. Even after he's got a nice, successful plantation of his own, he decides he's just GOT to get on ANOTHER ship to -- get this -- procure himself some slaves. It cras...more
Nov 22, 2008Jason Koivu rated it did not like it
Reading Robinson Crusoe is like reading a grocery list scribbled in the margins of a postcard from Fiji: 'Weather's fine! Wish you could be here! Need fruit, veg, meat....' I understand it's an early novel and should be respected as a pioneer of the craft, but dang it, this is the most boring pioneer ever!
Nov 05, 2011Shovelmonkey1 rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Recommended to Shovelmonkey1 by: 1001 books list
Shelves: bookcrossing-books, travel-books, 1001-books
August 1651
Dear Diary,
Woo hoo! Run away to sea at last! Mum and Dad didn't want me to go but honestly, what's the worst that can happen? So far I'm loving life on the ocean wave and have only been a little bit sea sick. Anyway it's Bye bye Hull, hello Honolulu!
Yours, Robinson
January 1653
Dear Diary,
Sorry it's been so long. There was a minor incident with a shipwreck and just when I'd managed to find passage on another boat some pirates turned up and I ended up as a slave. I had to do loads of wor...more
Jun 08, 2008Ahmad Sharabiani rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Dear Diary,
Woo hoo! Run away to sea at last! Mum and Dad didn't want me to go but honestly, what's the worst that can happen? So far I'm loving life on the ocean wave and have only been a little bit sea sick. Anyway it's Bye bye Hull, hello Honolulu!
Yours, Robinson
January 1653
Dear Diary,
Sorry it's been so long. There was a minor incident with a shipwreck and just when I'd managed to find passage on another boat some pirates turned up and I ended up as a slave. I had to do loads of wor...more
Shelves: 1001-book, 18th-century, classic, fiction, childrens-young-readers
987. Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe
The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character (whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer)âa casta...more
Apr 16, 2014Duane rated it really liked it
The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character (whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer)âa casta...more
Shelves: english-calssics, rated-books, reviewed-books, guardian-1000
Many consider this the first English novel. It was published in 1719, and the setting was around 1650. But the amazing thing about this novel is that it's timeless. Being stranded on a deserted island would be much the same today as it was 350 years ago. It's a great tale though, one I grew up with, along with Treasure Island and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The 18th century writing style is a negative for most kids today I would think.
Apr 10, 2013Lyn rated it really liked it · review of another edition
It is hard to estimate the literary (and cultural) impact of Robinson Crusoe.
First published in 1719, this is certainly the benchmark upon which most all castaway stories have been judged since. Though I had to consider that Shakespeareâs The Tempest was published in 1610. No magicians or witches here, and no Calaban lurking in the shadows, this is all about everyman Robin taking care of business on an island that may have been present day Tobago.
Having never read the novel before, I still fel...more
First published in 1719, this is certainly the benchmark upon which most all castaway stories have been judged since. Though I had to consider that Shakespeareâs The Tempest was published in 1610. No magicians or witches here, and no Calaban lurking in the shadows, this is all about everyman Robin taking care of business on an island that may have been present day Tobago.
Having never read the novel before, I still fel...more
Hoo-boy!
I'm surprised and amazed and dismayed by the ex post facto muy-contempo correct-nosity readings below...shouldn't be, I guess, but am.
Gee whillikers, kids, uhm, here's one of the great social and, perhaps even more, spiritual documents of Western Civ, and it's a ripping read that declared ongoing archetypes, and it's getting dissed for...for being a bit blind to its own time. Which of us won't end up wishing for at least that when our tombstone gets knocked over?
'sides which, how many fi...more
I'm surprised and amazed and dismayed by the ex post facto muy-contempo correct-nosity readings below...shouldn't be, I guess, but am.
Gee whillikers, kids, uhm, here's one of the great social and, perhaps even more, spiritual documents of Western Civ, and it's a ripping read that declared ongoing archetypes, and it's getting dissed for...for being a bit blind to its own time. Which of us won't end up wishing for at least that when our tombstone gets knocked over?
'sides which, how many fi...more
Spoiler alert...Robinson Crusoe was a total douchebag. If anyone deserved to get stuck on an island for 28 years, it was this guy. His story begins with his dying father pleading with him to stay at home, but the teenage Crusoe won't have it. He wants to be a sailor, he swears that he's meant to be a sailor, he totally loves the sea - even though he's never been on a boat. So, against his family's wishes he runs off to a buddy's ship. And guess what? He hates it. He's sick all the time, the boat...more
Sep 20, 2017Leonard Gaya rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Around the year 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a 28 years old Scottish privateer was marooned, at his request, on a desert island off the coast of Chile. He managed to survive there for about five years until he was rescued and brought back to England. The young man died a few years later on a voyage to Africa, but his story as a castaway became a legend. At the time of Selkirkâs death, Daniel Defoe, an English businessman and journalist, had just published a book inspired by his adventure, taking som...more
Aug 08, 2017Vit Babenco rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Robinson Crusoe was the first book I had read by myself â I was absolutely entranced, I had no smallest idea that books could be so hypnotizing. Strange may it seem but most of all I enjoyed reading the lists of the items Robinson was salvaging from the wrecked ship.
âMy next care was for some ammunition and arms. There were two very good fowling-pieces in the great cabin, and two pistols. These I secured first, with some powder-horns and a small bag of shot, and two old rusty swords. I knew ther...more
âMy next care was for some ammunition and arms. There were two very good fowling-pieces in the great cabin, and two pistols. These I secured first, with some powder-horns and a small bag of shot, and two old rusty swords. I knew ther...more
Now and then it's good to go back and read a book written three hundred years or so ago. The mind-shift necessary you need to make to enjoy the book keeps your brain limber, cleans the mental attic of the literary clutter that has accumulated- that a book needs to be fast-paced, that the dialogue needs to be witty and revealing, that long descriptions are boring. So you read a book that doesn't meet any of the standards someone has told you a good book should meet and you still enjoy it because...more
Mar 22, 2013Samir Rawas Sarayji rated it did not like it · review of another edition
I'm so happy this nightmare is over! I only trudged through to the end because it's a classic.
Look at me, yes me, I'm Robinson Crusoe and I'm stuck here on this Island and I'm going to tell you all about it, down to the minutest detail... oh and I'm going to do this more than once and... if that's not good enough, I'm going to tell you how I found Providence - that's right - because there is a reason I survived the sunk ship, so I'm going to thank Providence over and over and over and, just whe...more
Look at me, yes me, I'm Robinson Crusoe and I'm stuck here on this Island and I'm going to tell you all about it, down to the minutest detail... oh and I'm going to do this more than once and... if that's not good enough, I'm going to tell you how I found Providence - that's right - because there is a reason I survived the sunk ship, so I'm going to thank Providence over and over and over and, just whe...more
Sep 26, 2011Sarah rated it did not like it · review of another edition
Alright, well I am going to respond to those who think that the only way you could not enjoy this book is if you are looking back from a privileged 21st century point of view and judging the actions of our less socially conscious ancestors.
I read this book as a part of my 18th century literature class, so I have been reading a lot of novels written around the same time and with a number of the same themes. I have been able to enjoy many of them despite some uncomfortable and shocking moments of...more
I read this book as a part of my 18th century literature class, so I have been reading a lot of novels written around the same time and with a number of the same themes. I have been able to enjoy many of them despite some uncomfortable and shocking moments of...more
I know, I know... Robinson Crusoe is a book full of cultural relativism and unconscious cruelty. He's an imperialist bastard. I know.
But it is exactly these elements, plus the fact that it is one hell of an adventure story, that made me really like this book. Yes, it is absolutely provoking. But it also thinks deeply on religion, economy, and self. And it's an adventure. So while in some ways, the story/viewpoint/author are extremely distasteful, it is a very satisfying read.
Oct 21, 2014Wanda rated it liked it · review of another edition
But it is exactly these elements, plus the fact that it is one hell of an adventure story, that made me really like this book. Yes, it is absolutely provoking. But it also thinks deeply on religion, economy, and self. And it's an adventure. So while in some ways, the story/viewpoint/author are extremely distasteful, it is a very satisfying read.
Shelves: 1000-guardian, read-in-2015, 1001-books, brit-lit, classics
There are reasons that some books are considered classicsâeven after many years, they still have things to say to us. Robinson Crusoe is one of those stories. I first encountered it as a child, in comic book form (anyone else remember Classics Illustrated?) and I remember reading it numerous times and then day dreaming about how I would survive on a desert island. And of course, it is often asked âIf you could take only one book (or five, or whatever number) of books with you to entertain you wh...more
Dec 16, 2010aPriL does feral sometimes rated it really liked it
Shelves: historical-fiction, macho-man, literary, adventure, illuminating
This book seems to be a protonovel, a progenitor to the idea of a today's modern novel. It is an adventure story meant to excite the imagination and satisfy the need for a suspenseful plot denouement. But you can't expect a novel written almost 3 centuries ago to follow the genre conventions established today. Stick with it.
This novel, an adventure of a type only possible in the 1600s and 1700s, reflects a real historical period of human development. For a book which was exploring the possibili...more
This novel, an adventure of a type only possible in the 1600s and 1700s, reflects a real historical period of human development. For a book which was exploring the possibili...more
May 03, 2016Emily May rated it it was ok · review of another edition
2 1/2 stars. There are two main ways I could view Robinson Crusoe - firstly, as a reader who reads for enjoyment and entertainment, and secondly, as someone offering a more critical analysis of historical attitudes. To be honest, though, the book doesn't fare too well under either microscope.
As a novel for enjoyment, it's about the titular character being shipwrecked on an island many believe to be based on Tobago, near Trinidad. There's a whole lot of survival skills going on (but a modern read...more
Sep 27, 2015Miquel Reina rated it it was amazing
As a novel for enjoyment, it's about the titular character being shipwrecked on an island many believe to be based on Tobago, near Trinidad. There's a whole lot of survival skills going on (but a modern read...more
Shelves: travel-and-adventure, adventure, classics, travel, top-books, survival
Robinson Crusoe is one of literature classics and for me, a reference in the construction of the novel I'm writing (and that I would love to share with all of you very soon). I love the stories of survival, travel and where the sea plays a vital role in the development of the story. Robinson Crusoe is the shipwrecked prototype we all have in our minds and it isn't a coincidence that is the most famous. It's an excellent novel and I recommend it to all those who, like me, love the kind of stories...more
Oct 30, 2008Tamra rated it it was ok
There can not be many classics WORSE than this book. It might be decently written. And it might be a classic. For that I'll give it 2 stars instead of 1. But it's boring! I really don't know why this is a classic.
But you won't waste much time reading it. It'll take you 3 hours to read it, tops. This isn't really a book but more of a pamphlet.
HOW TO WRITE YOUR OWN ROBINSON CRUSOE:
#1 Create the start of a plot line that sounds very interesting. For instance, a man being marooned on an island and...more
But you won't waste much time reading it. It'll take you 3 hours to read it, tops. This isn't really a book but more of a pamphlet.
HOW TO WRITE YOUR OWN ROBINSON CRUSOE:
#1 Create the start of a plot line that sounds very interesting. For instance, a man being marooned on an island and...more
Mar 03, 2013Robin Hobb rated it really liked it
This tale was first published in 1719, and was one of the earliest example of a fictionalized account of possibly real events. I recall that the first time I read it, I was fascinated by the very long titles for every chapter, and somewhat put off by the archaic style.
I still highly recommend this book as a glimpse back into the roots of novels, as well as being a great tale.
I still highly recommend this book as a glimpse back into the roots of novels, as well as being a great tale.
Five stars for the first 2/3, two stars for the rest.
I thought most of this book was gripping. The early adventures are exciting, and shot through with the dread of ominous prophesy. The infamous long sections on the island where nothing happens and we get detailed logistics of house-building and tool-making... I found these all fascinating. The industriousness and cleverness Crusoe displays as he turns whatever he can to his meager advantage are inspiring-- literally, I was inspired. The religi...more
Mar 27, 2010J.G. Keely rated it liked it
I thought most of this book was gripping. The early adventures are exciting, and shot through with the dread of ominous prophesy. The infamous long sections on the island where nothing happens and we get detailed logistics of house-building and tool-making... I found these all fascinating. The industriousness and cleverness Crusoe displays as he turns whatever he can to his meager advantage are inspiring-- literally, I was inspired. The religi...more
Shelves: novel, adventure, sea-story, reviewed, uk-and-ireland
This seems to be the quintessential Idiot Ball story, where the only thing working against the protagonist is his own constant short-sightedness, if not head-slapping stupidity. This can be amusing enough, but Defoe constantly ignores promising plot-hooks in order to pursue Crusoe's thick-headedness undisturbed.
You'd think a survival scenario would provide a wealth of hardship, but, despite his constant panics, Crusoe has a rather easy time of it. Even more than this, every other character in th...more
You'd think a survival scenario would provide a wealth of hardship, but, despite his constant panics, Crusoe has a rather easy time of it. Even more than this, every other character in th...more
Jan 14, 2009lindy rated it liked it · review of another edition
There is something inherently absurd about any sort of qualitative evaluation (a la 'how many stars do I give this on goodreads?') by a twenty-first century reader of a book like Robinson Crusoe. Published in 1719, it embodies a rather paradoxical identity crisis of being a novel that was written before novels really existed. It doesn't play by the rules -- simply because there were no rules when it was written. There are a lot of unfamiliar things that will put off, or even disgust, the modern...more
Apr 30, 2016David Sarkies rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Stranded in the Tropics
10 May 2016
Well, he I am, sitting at one of my favourite coffee shops on a blustery and wet winter morning in Melbourne where I have just finished another book of which I have known the story since I was a little boy but having never actually read the book. I'm sure we all know of the story of Robinson Crusoe, who was shipwrecked while out at sea and ended up spending years (about twenty three of them) alone on an island, forced to make do with what he could scavenge from...more
10 May 2016
Well, he I am, sitting at one of my favourite coffee shops on a blustery and wet winter morning in Melbourne where I have just finished another book of which I have known the story since I was a little boy but having never actually read the book. I'm sure we all know of the story of Robinson Crusoe, who was shipwrecked while out at sea and ended up spending years (about twenty three of them) alone on an island, forced to make do with what he could scavenge from...more
Oct 09, 2018Bradley rated it really liked it
I just had to get in a classic this month and since I already had lined up a Lycanthropic version of this particular classic, I thought, 'Hey! This is gonna be great!'
Cast away on a desert island... me and Mr. Friday sharing the same fate...
Yeah, well, it was certainly a fast and fun read, sharing all the usual things I have enjoyed from Tom Hanks, short stories of Stephen King, or any number of coolness from Lost.
Only, this is blunderbusses and goats. Cannibals and grateful captains. And such a...more
Apr 27, 2019Werner rated it liked it
Cast away on a desert island... me and Mr. Friday sharing the same fate...
Yeah, well, it was certainly a fast and fun read, sharing all the usual things I have enjoyed from Tom Hanks, short stories of Stephen King, or any number of coolness from Lost.
Only, this is blunderbusses and goats. Cannibals and grateful captains. And such a...more
Recommends it for: Readers interested in classics or in literary history
This early 18th-century British classic is one of those novels which relatively few people today have actually read, but which has become a household word in popular English-language culture, with a basic premise that virtually everyone is aware of: English seaman is shipwrecked and marooned for years (27 years, in fact) on a desert island. Most people are also aware that he eventually has the companionship of a native, whom he calls 'Friday' because he met him on a Friday. But that's about as f...more
Mar 14, 2009James rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
'It happen'd one Day about Noon going towards my Boat, I was exceeding surpriz'd with the Print of a Man's naked Foot on the Shore, which was very plain to be seen in the Sand: I stood like one Thunder-struck ...'
Robinson Crusoe is one of the most famous adventure stories ever written. The account of a sailor shipwrecked on a desert island for twenty-eight years, it is also a tale of mythic proportions, an allegory, and a spiritual autobiography. I remember being fascinated with the industrious...more
Robinson Crusoe is one of the most famous adventure stories ever written. The account of a sailor shipwrecked on a desert island for twenty-eight years, it is also a tale of mythic proportions, an allegory, and a spiritual autobiography. I remember being fascinated with the industrious...more
Apr 25, 2012Exina rated it it was ok
Robinson Crusoe was a required reading at English literature seminar. While I understand its literary merits, it was not an enjoyable read for me.
Oct 30, 2015Markus rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Shelves: favorites, adventure, read-in-english, classic-fictions
Robinson Crusoé (1719)
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
I have read this novel at least three times in my life, and now it is like meeting an old friend.
In every man, there is a boy, and in every boy, there is Robinson Crusoe.
Handy work around the house needs improvising tools and working methods of your own, and that is when you remember Robinson.
I remember when he was shipwrecked near this island, when giant waves, half drowned him and violently washed him onto the beach. When he slept in a tree being...more
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
I have read this novel at least three times in my life, and now it is like meeting an old friend.
In every man, there is a boy, and in every boy, there is Robinson Crusoe.
Handy work around the house needs improvising tools and working methods of your own, and that is when you remember Robinson.
I remember when he was shipwrecked near this island, when giant waves, half drowned him and violently washed him onto the beach. When he slept in a tree being...more
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Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 [?] - 1731) was an English writer, journalist, and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in Britain. In some texts he is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote m...more
Robinson Crusoe(3 books)
More quizzes & trivia...
âIt is never too late to be wise.â â 2883 likes
âThus fear of danger is ten thousand times more terrifying than danger itself.â â 101 likes
More quotesâ¦
Author | Daniel Defoe |
---|---|
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Genre | Adventure, historical fiction |
Publisher | William Taylor |
Publication date
|
25 April 1719 (300 years ago) |
Followed by | The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe |
Robinson Crusoe[a] (/ËkruËsoÊ/) is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents.[1]
Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character (whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer)âa castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical desert island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers, before ultimately being rescued. The story has been thought to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called 'Más a Tierra', now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966.[2]
Despite its simple narrative style, Robinson Crusoe was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. It is generally seen as a contender for the first English novel.[3] Before the end of 1719, the book had already run through four editions, and it has gone on to become one of the most widely published books in history, spawning so many imitations, not only in literature but also in film, television and radio, that its name is used to define a genre, the Robinsonade.
- 7See also
Plot summary[edit]
Pictorial map of Crusoe's island, the 'Island of Despair', showing incidents from the book
Crusoe (the family name corrupted from the German name 'Kreutznaer') set sail from Kingston upon Hull on a sea voyage in August 1651, against the wishes of his parents, who wanted him to pursue a career in law. After a tumultuous journey where his ship is wrecked in a storm, his lust for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey, too, ends in disaster, as the ship is taken over by Salépirates (the Salé Rovers) and Crusoe is enslaved by a Moor. Two years later, he escapes in a boat with a boy named Xury; a captain of a Portuguese ship off the west coast of Africa rescues him. The ship is en route to Brazil. Crusoe sells Xury to the captain. With the captain's help, Crusoe procures a plantation.
Years later, Crusoe joins an expedition to bring slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island (which he calls the Island of Despair) near the mouth of the Orinoco river on 30 September 1659.[4] He observes the latitude as 9 degrees and 22 minutes north. He sees penguins and seals on his island. As for his arrival there, only he and three animals, the captain's dog and two cats, survive the shipwreck. Overcoming his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He builds a fenced-in habitat near a cave which he excavates. By making marks in a wooden cross, he creates a calendar. By using tools salvaged from the ship, and some which he makes himself, he hunts, grows barley and rice, dries grapes to make raisins, learns to make pottery and raises goats. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society.
More years pass and Crusoe discovers native cannibals, who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for committing an abomination but later realizes he has no right to do so, as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; when a prisoner escapes, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion 'Friday' after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity.
After more natives arrive to partake in a cannibal feast, Crusoe and Friday kill most of the natives and save two prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe about other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return to the mainland with Friday's father and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port.
Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; mutineers have commandeered the vessel and intend to maroon their captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which Crusoe helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship and leave the worst mutineers on the island. Before embarking for England, Crusoe shows the mutineers how he survived on the island and states that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead; as a result, he was left nothing in his father's will. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him much wealth. In conclusion, he transports his wealth overland to England from Portugal to avoid travelling by sea. Friday accompanies him and, en route, they endure one last adventure together as they fight off famished wolves while crossing the Pyrenees.
Sources and real life castaways[edit]
Statue of Robinson Crusoe at Alexander Selkirk's birthplace of Lower Largo by Thomas Stuart Burnett
Book on Alexander Selkirk
There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time, most famous, Defoe's suspected inspiration for Robinson Crusoe is thought to be from Scottish sailor, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra (renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966)[2] in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Selkirk was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers during an English expedition that led to the publication of Selkirk's adventures in both A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World and A Cruising Voyage Around the World in 1712. According to Tim Severin, 'Daniel Defoe, a secretive man, neither confirmed or denied that Selkirk was the model for the hero of his book. Apparently written in six months or less, Robinson Crusoe was a publishing phenomenon.[5]
The author of Crusoe's Island,Andrew Lambert states, 'the ideas that a single, real Crusoe is a 'false premise' because Crusoe's story is a complex compound of all the other buccaneer survival stories.'[6] However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Rogers' account: Becky Little argues three events that distinguish the two stories. Robinson Crusoe was shipwrecked while Selkirk decided to leave his ship thus marooning himself; the island Crusoe was shipwrecked on had already been inhabited, unlike the solitary nature of Selkirk's adventures. The last and most crucial difference between the two stories is Selkirk is a pirate, looting and raiding coastal cities. 'The economic and dynamic thrust of the book is completely alien to what the buccaneers are doing,' Lambert says. 'The buccaneers just want to capture some loot and come home and drink it all, and Crusoe isnât doing that at all. He's an economic imperialist. He's creating a world of trade and profit.'
Other possible sources for the narrative include Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, and Spanish sixteenth-century sailor Pedro Serrano. Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is a twelfth-century philosophical novel also set on a desert island and translated into Latin and English a number of times in the half-century preceding Defoe's novel.[7][8][9][10]
Pedro Luis Serrano was a Spanish sailor who was marooned for seven or eight years in the sixteenth century on a small desert island after shipwrecking on a small island in the Caribbean off the coast of Nicaragua in 1520s. He had no access to fresh water and lived off the blood and flesh of sea turtles and birds. He was quite a celebrity when he returned to Europe and before passing away, he recorded the hardships suffered in documents that show the endless anguish and suffering, the product of absolute abandonment to his fate, now held in the General Archive of the Indies, in Seville. It is very likely that Defoe heard his story, 200 years old by then but still very popular, in one of his visits to Spain before becoming a writer.
Yet another source for Defoe's novel may have been the Robert Knox account of his abduction by the King of CeylonRajasinha II of Kandy in 1659 in An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon.[11][12]
Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely. An employee of the Duke of Monmouth, Pitman played a part in the Monmouth Rebellion. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by John Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences first-hand, or possibly through submission of a draft.[13] Severin also discusses another publicised case of a marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of Friday.[14]
Arthur Wellesley Secord in his Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe (1963: 21â111) analyses the composition of Robinson Crusoe and gives a list of possible sources of the story, rejecting the common theory that the story of Selkirk is Defoe's only source.
Reception and sequels[edit]
Plaque in Queen's Gardens, Hull, showing him on his island
The book was published on 25 April 1719. Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions.
By the end of the nineteenth century, no book in the history of Western literature had more editions, spin-offs and translations (even into languages such as Inuktitut, Coptic and Maltese) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with pictures and no text.[15][16]
The term 'Robinsonade' was coined to describe the genre of stories similar to Robinson Crusoe.
Defoe went on to write a lesser-known sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719). It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title page of the sequel's first edition, but a third book, Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: With his Vision of the Angelick World (1720), was written.
Interpretations[edit]
Crusoe standing over Friday after he frees him from the cannibals
Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British Empire is Robinson Crusoe, to whom he ascribed stereotypical and somewhat hostile English racial characteristics: 'He is the true prototype of the British colonist. ... The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity.'[17] In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the 'king' of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the 'governor' to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a 'colony'. The idealised master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the 'enlightened' European whilst Friday is the 'savage' who can only be redeemed from his barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nonetheless Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America.
According to J. P. Hunter, Robinson is not a hero but an everyman. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand, and ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land. The book tells the story of how Robinson becomes closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read.
Conversely, cultural critic and literary scholar Michael Gurnow views the novel from a Rousseauian perspective. In 'The Folly of Beginning a Work Before We Count the Cost': Anarcho-Primitivism in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe', the central character's movement from a primitive state to a more civilized one is interpreted as Crusoe's denial of humanity's state of nature.[18]
Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was a Puritan moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1727) and Religious Courtship (1722). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the themes and theological and moral points of view. 'Crusoe' may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books, including God the Guide of Youth (1695), before dying at an early age â just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been speculated that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel.[19] A leitmotif of the novel is the Christian notion of Providence, penitence and redemption.[20] Crusoe comes to repent of the follies of his youth. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe's birthday. The denouement culminates not only in Crusoe's deliverance from the island, but his spiritual deliverance, his acceptance of Christian doctrine, and in his intuition of his own salvation.
When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless, he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality; he regards cannibalism as a 'national crime' and forbids Friday from practising it.
In classical, neoclassical and Austrian economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices.[21] Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The arrival of Friday is then used to illustrate the possibility of trade and the gains that result.
Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider range of potential sources of inspiration. Severin concludes his investigations by stating that the real Robinson Crusoe figure was Henry Pitman, a castaway who had been surgeon to the Duke of Monmouth. Pitman's short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and since Defoe was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman and learned of his experiences as a castaway. If he did not meet Pitman, Severin points out that Defoe, upon submitting even a draft of a novel about a castaway to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learned about Pitman's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway had previously lodged with them at their former premises.
Severin also provides evidence in his book that another publicised case[22] of a real-life marooned Miskito Central American man named only as Will may have caught Defoe's attention, inspiring the depiction of Man Friday in his novel.
One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand.
â Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, 1719
The work has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilisation; as a manifesto of economic individualism; and as an expression of European colonial desires. Significantly, it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe's religious convictions. Critics such as Maximillian E. Novak support the connection between the religious and economic themes within Robinson Crusoe, citing Defoe's religious ideology as the influence for his portrayal of Crusoe's economic ideals and his support of the individual. Within his article 'Robinson Crusoe's 'Original Sin', Novak cites Ian Watt's extensive research in Watt's book, Myths of Modern Individualism: Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson Crusoe, in which Watt explores the impact that several Romantic Era novels had against economic individualism, and the reversal of those ideals that takes place within Robinson Crusoe.[23] In Tess Lewis's review, 'The Heroes We Deserve', of Ian Watt's article, she furthers Watt's argument with a development on Defoe's intention as an author, 'to use individualism to signify nonconformity in religion and the admirable qualities of self-reliance' (Lewis 678). This further supports the belief that Defoe used aspects of spiritual autobiography in order to introduce the benefits of individualism to a not entirely convinced religious community.[24] J. Paul Hunter has written extensively on the subject of Robinson Crusoe as apparent spiritual autobiography, tracing the influence of Defoe's Puritan ideology through Crusoe's narrative, and his acknowledgement of human imperfection in pursuit of meaningful spiritual engagements â the cycle of 'repentance [and] deliverance.'[25] This spiritual pattern and its episodic nature, as well as the re-discovery of earlier female novelists, have kept Robinson Crusoe from being classified as a novel, let alone the first novel written in Englishâdespite the blurbs on some book covers. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson, admired it, saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Dr. Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode.[26] It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade, as works such as Johann David Wyss' The Swiss Family Robinson (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J. M. Coetzee's Foe (1986) and Michel Tournier's Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique (in English, Friday, or, The Other Island) (1967). Two sequels followed, Defoe's The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) and his Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world (1720). Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) in part parodies Defoe's adventure novel.
Legacy[edit]
The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language. During World War II, people who decided to stay and hide in the ruins of the German-occupied city of Warsaw for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the Red Army, were later called Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw (Robinsonowie warszawscy).[27] Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as 'my man Friday', from which the term 'Man Friday' (or 'Girl Friday') originated.
Robinson Crusoe marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.[28] Its success led to many imitators, and castaway novels, written by Ambrose Evans, Penelope Aubin, and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries.[29] Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including The Swiss Family Robinson, which borrowed Crusoe's first name for its title.
Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, published seven years after Robinson Crusoe, may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man, Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. In Treasure Island, author Robert Louis Stevenson parodies Crusoe with the character of Ben Gunn, a friendly castaway who was marooned for many years, has a wild appearance, dresses entirely in goat skin and constantly talks about providence.
In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's treatise on education, Emile, or on Education, the one book the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is Robinson Crusoe. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he can rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model.
Robinson Crusoe bookstore on Ä°stiklal Avenue, Istanbul.
In The Tale of Little Pig Robinson, Beatrix Potter directs the reader to Robinson Crusoe for a detailed description of the island (the land of the Bong tree) to which her eponymous hero moves. In Wilkie Collins' most popular novel, The Moonstone, one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of divination. He considers The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe the finest book ever written, reads it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book.
French novelist Michel Tournier published Friday, or, The Other Island (French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique) in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, J. M. G. Le Clézio, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature, published the novel Le Proces-Verbal. The book's epigraph is a quote from Robinson Crusoe, and like Crusoe, Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness.
'Crusoe in England', a 183-line poem by Elizabeth Bishop, imagines Crusoe near the end of his life, recalling his time of exile with a mixture of bemusement and regret.
J. M. Coetzee's 1986 novel Foe recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of a woman named Susan Barton.
The story was also illustrated and published in comic book form by Classics Illustrated in 1943 and 1957. The much improved 1957 version was inked/penciled by Sam Citron, who is most well known for his contributions to the earlier issues of Superman.[30]
A pantomime version of Robinson Crusoe was staged at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1796, with Joseph Grimaldi as Pierrot in the harlequinade. The piece was produced again in 1798, this time starring Grimaldi as Clown. In 1815, Grimaldi played Friday in another version of Robinson Crusoe.[31]
Jacques Offenbach wrote an opéra comique called Robinson Crusoé, which was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by Eugène Cormon and Hector-Jonathan Crémieux.
There is a 1927 silent film titled Robinson Crusoe. The Soviet 3D film Robinson Crusoe was produced in 1947. Luis Buñuel directed Adventures of Robinson Crusoe starring Dan O'Herlihy, released in 1954. Walt Disney later comedicized the novel with Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N., featuring Dick Van Dyke. In this version, Friday became a beautiful woman, but named 'Wednesday' instead. Peter O'Toole and Richard Roundtree co-starred in a 1975 film Man Friday which sardonically portrayed Crusoe as incapable of seeing his dark-skinned companion as anything but an inferior creature, while Friday is more enlightened and sympathetic. In 1988, Aidan Quinn portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film Crusoe. A 1997 movie entitled Robinson Crusoe starred Pierce Brosnan and received limited commercial success. Variations on the theme include the 1954 Miss Robin Crusoe, with a female castaway, played by Amanda Blake, and a female Friday, and the 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars, starring Paul Mantee, with an alien Friday portrayed by Victor Lundin and an added character played by Adam West. The 2000 film Cast Away, with Tom Hanks as a FedEx employee stranded on an Island for many years, also borrows much from the Robinson Crusoe story.
In 1964 a French film production crew made a 13-part serial of The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It starred Robert Hoffmann. The black and white series was dubbed into English and German. In the UK, the BBC broadcast it on numerous occasions between 1965 and 1977. In 1981 Czechoslovakian director and animator Stanislav Látal made a version of the story under the name Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York combining traditional and stop-motion animation. The movie was coproduced by regional West Germany broadcaster Südwestfunk Baden-Baden.
Musician Dean briefly mentions Crusoe in one of his music videos. In the official music video for Instagram, there is a part when viewers hear Dean's distorted voice; 'Sometimes, I feel alone . . . I feel like I'm Robinson Crusoe . . .'
Editions[edit]
- Robinson Crusoe, Oneworld Classics 2008. ISBN978-1-84749-012-4
- Robinson Crusoe, Penguin Classics 2003. ISBN978-0-14-143982-2
- Robinson Crusoe, Oxford World's Classics 2007. ISBN978-0-19-283342-6
- Robinson Crusoe, Bantam Classics
- Defoe, Daniel Robinson Crusoe, edited by Michael Shinagel (New York: Norton, 1994), ISBN978-0393964523. Includes a selection of critical essays.
- Life and Adventures of Robinson CrusoeRand McNally & Company The Windermere Series 1916. No ISBN. Includes 7 Illustrations by Milo Winter
See also[edit]
From television and films[edit]
From real life[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Fiction as Authentic as Fact
- ^ abSeverin, Tim, In search of Robinson Crusoe, New York: Basic Books, 2002 ISBN0-465-07698-X, pp. 23â24.
- ^'Defoe', The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 265.
- ^Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 23.
- ^Severin, Tim (2002). 'Marooned: The Metamorphosis of Alexander Selkirk'. The American Scholar. 71 (3): 73â82. JSTOR41213335.
- ^Little, Becky (2016-09-28). 'Debunking the Myth of the 'Real' Robinson Crusoe'. National Geographic. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
- ^Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
- ^Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN0-7591-0190-6.
- ^Amber Haque (2004), 'Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists', Journal of Religion and Health43 (4): 357â377 [369].
- ^Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003.
- ^Knox, Robert (1911). 'An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon'. Based on the 1659 original text. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons (Publishers to the University), 1911.
- ^see Alan Filreis
- ^Severin, Tim (2002). In search of Robinson Crusoe. New York: Basic Books, ISBN0-465-07698-X
- ^Dampier, William, A New Voyage round the World, 1697 [1].
- ^Watt, Ian (April 1951). 'Robinson Crusoe as a Myth'. Essays in Criticism.
- ^Watt, Ian (1994). Robinson Crusoe as a Myth (Reprint â Norton Critical Edition (Second) ed.).
- ^James Joyce, 'Daniel Defoe', translated from Italian manuscript and edited by Joseph Prescott, Buffalo Studies 1 (1964): 24â25
- ^Gurnow, Michael (2010). ''The Folly of Beginning a Work Before We Count the Cost': Anarcho-Primitivism in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe,'. Fifth Estate (383). Retrieved 2014-02-17.
- ^Hunter, J. Paul (1966) The Reluctant Pilgrim. As found in Norton Critical Edition (see References).
- ^Greif, Martin J. (Summer 1966). 'The Conversion of Robinson Crusoe'. SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500â1900. 6 (3): 551â574. doi:10.2307/449560. JSTOR449560.
- ^Varian, Hal R. (1990). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-95924-6.
- ^William Dampier (1697) A New Voyage round the World.
- ^Novak, Maximillian (Summer 1961). 'Robinson Crusoe's 'Original Sin''. SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500â1900. 1 (3, Restoration and Eighteenth Century): 19â29. doi:10.2307/449302. JSTOR449302.
- ^Lewis, Tess (1997). Watt, Ian (ed.). 'The Heroes We Deserve'. The Hudson Review. 49 (4): 675â680. doi:10.2307/3851909. JSTOR3851909.
- ^Halewood, William H. (1969-02-01). 'The Reluctant Pilgrim: Defoe's Emblematic Method and Quest for Form in Robinson Crusoe. J. Paul Hunter Defoe and Spiritual Autobiography. G.A. Starr, Defoe'. Modern Philology. 66 (3): 274â278. doi:10.1086/390091.
- ^Richard West (1998) Daniel Defoe: The Life and Strange, Surprising Adventures. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN978-0-7867-0557-3.
- ^Engelking, Barbara; Libionka, Dariusz (2009). Å»ydzi w PowstaÅczej Warszawie. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum BadaÅ nad ZagÅadÄ Å»ydów. pp. 260â293. ISBN978-83-926831-1-7.
- ^Kathleen Buss, Lee Karnowski (2000). Reading and Writing Literary Genres. International Reading Association. p. 7. ISBN978-0872072572.
- ^Laura Brown, 'Oceans and Floods', Ch. 7 of Felicity A. Nussbaum, ed., The Global Eighteenth Century, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2003. p. 109.
- ^Jones, William B. (2011-08-15). Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 203.
- ^Findlater, pp. 60 and 76; Grimaldi (Box edition), pp. 184â185 and 193; and McConnell Stott, p. 101
- ^Full title: The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates
Additional references[edit]
- Boz (Charles Dickens) (1853). Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi. London: G. Routledge & Co.
- Findlater, Richard (1955). Grimaldi King of Clowns. London: Magibbon & Kee. OCLC558202542.
- McConnell Stott, Andrew (2009). The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN978-1-84767-761-7.
- Ross, Angus, ed. (1965), Robinson Crusoe. Penguin.
- Secord, Arthur Wellesley (1963). Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe. New York: Russell & Russell. (First published in 1924.)
- Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ISBN0-393-96452-3. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography.
- Severin, Tim (2002). In search of Robinson Crusoe, New York: Basic Books. ISBN0-465-07698-X
- Hymer, Stephen (September 1971). 'Robinson Crusoe and the Secret of Primitive Accumulation'. Monthly Review. 23 (4).
- Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994), Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition (ISBN0-393-96452-3). By Kogul, Mariapan.
Works of criticism[edit]
- Backscheider, Paula Daniel Defoe: His Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). ISBN0801845122.
- Ewers, Chris Mobility in the English Novel from Defoe to Austen. (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2018). ISBN978-1787442726. Includes a chapter on Robinson Crusoe.
- Richetti, John (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) ISBN978-0521675055. Casebook of critical essays.
- Rogers, Pat Robinson Crusoe (London: Allen and Unwin, 1979). ISBN0048000027.
- Watt, IanThe Rise of the Novel (London: Pimlico, 2000). ISBN978-0712664271.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robinson Crusoe. |
- Robinson Crusoe at Project Gutenberg
- Robinson Crusoe (London: William Taylor, 1719), commented text of the first edition, free at Editions Marteau.
- Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe â text and audio at Ciff Ciaff
- Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth
- Robinson Crusoe public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Free ebook of Robinson Crusoe for Android Phones
- Robinson Crusoe, told in words of one syllable, by Lucy Aikin (aka 'Mary Godolphin') (1723â1764).
- Chasing Crusoe, multimedia documentary explores the novel and real life history of Selkirk.
- Robinson Crusoe on Literapedia
- 'Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe & the Robinsonades Digital Collection' with over 200 versions of Robinson Crusoe openly and freely online with full text and zoomable page images from the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature
- M.A. Wetherell's Robinson Crusoe silent film, openly and freely available in three parts on www.archive.org. Part 1; Part 2; Part 3
- Naso people#History regarding the Térraba or Naso people
- Defoe, Daniel. The wonderful life and surprising adventures of that renowned hero, Robinson Crusoe: who lived twenty-eight years on an uninhabited island, which he afterwards colonised. London: Printed for the inhabitants of his island, and sold by T. Carnan, in St. Paul's Church Yard, [ca. 1783]. 160 pp. Accessed 4 January 2014, in PDF format.
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